Soursop juice was fermented as substrate in the presence of ammonium carbonate using saccharomyces cerevisiae to determine kinetic parameters: overall rate constant; k, order of initial reaction; n, maximum rate of fermentation; V max, catalytic constant; k 2, dissociation constant for the enzyme -substrate complex; k s, the Michaelis constant; k m, and the specific ac tivity of th e enzyme. These were obtained by monitoring the rate of carbon (IV) oxide production at different time intervals. It was observed that in the first order reaction, the overall rate constant k, with respect to ammonium carbonate is, 2.23. It's also seen tha t the curves achieved from the plots of volume of carbon dioxide produced with time approached the time axis in a shorter time and the reaction was faster upon its addition. Most importantly, the maximum rate of fermentation with the substrate, 2.58x102M1min-1 and ad dition of ammonium carbonate is 2.49x102Mmin-1. The value represents the maximum velocity attainable. The maximum rate at which all the enzyme molecules were in the complex form was high and became lower upon the addition of the additive. This s uggests inhibition of the fermentation process by the additive due to decrease in the maximum activity of the enzyme. The catalytic constant, k 2, 8x10-2min-1 and the value upon addition of ammonium carbonate is, 2.0x10 -2 min-1 The dissociation constant of enzyme-substrate complexes, k s 1.64x102 and for the addition of ammonium carbonate is, 5.30x10 -1. The Michaelis constant, k m 1.64x102 M and 5.30x10 -1 for ammonium carbonate. The specific activity which is the unit of enzyme activity per gram of protein (yeast) is found to be 1x10 -1 in both. Finally, the effect was found to be uncompetitive from the extrapolated Lineweaver-Burk plots.
The fermentation of soursop juice as substrates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) was investigated to obtain certain useful kinetic parameters. These were achieved by the determination of the effects of temperature, yeast, pH, substrate and inhibitor on the rate of carbon (IV) oxide (CO2) production. The extent of inhibition was examined by the additio n of succinic acid. The results indicate that the rate of fermentation increased in proportion with temperature (optimum 36oC), substrate (optimum 50%v/v) and succinic acid (optimum 30%v/v) up to a limit and decreased. This suggests that the reaction takes place in two steps (equilibrium and decomposition steps). The kinetic parameters examined are: maximum velocity of reaction, V max for substrate, 2.58x102M1min-1 and succinic acid, 1.00x10 2M1min-1. Catalytic constant, k 2; for substrate, 8x10 - 2min-1 and succinic acid, 6.0x10 -2min-1. Overall rate constant k, for substrate, 1.79x10 2 and succinic acid, 1.09x102. The order of initial reaction is first order for substrate and the additive. The dissociation constants of enzyme -substrate complexes, k s are 1.64x102 and succinic acid, 2.40x10-1. The Michaelis constant, k m for the substrate, 1.64x10 2 M and succinic acid, 2.50x10 -1. The specific activity of enzyme for the substrate is 1x10 -1 and succinic acid, 2x10 -2. Finally, the type of inhibition was found to be uncompetitive from the extrapolated Lineweaver-Burk plots and the suggested inhibitor did not bring about marked decrease in the rate of fermentation as expected.
The poor secondary school students' academic achievement in Physics as shown in the literature over the past decades has been attributed to poor acquisition of mathematical competencies that can enable them to do well in practical Physics. The need to examine mathematical competencies as determinants of Physics achievement becomes necessary for sustainable education. The study which adopted an ex-post facto research design was carried out in Nsukka education zone of Enugu state during the 2021/2022 academic session. The sample size for the study was 388 senior secondary school I Physics students in 6 randomly sampled single-sex secondary schools. Trained research assistants used interview results to fill the mathematical competency in practical Physics questionnaire (MCPPQ) for each student. Grades spreadsheet was used to collect students' senior secondary certificate examination result in Physics. Cronbach's alpha, which yielded a value of.85 was used to measure the internal consistency reliability of MCPPQ. Beta-weight was used to answer all the research questions while Chi-square statistic was used to test the hypotheses at.05 level of significance and 425 degrees of freedom. The result of the study as perceived by the students indicated that basic practical Physics mathematical operations, graphing skills, generation of readings from equations derived from experimental setup and deductions from the graph in decreasing magnitude positively influenced Physics achievement in external examination. Male and female students' models were similar in terms of path coefficients in the model. Hence, it was recommended that Physics teachers should improve upon students' mathematical competencies in practical Physics to boost their Physics achievement.
In academic sector, they are high rate of infectious diseases like measles, diarrhea, coronavirus, monkey-pox, skin disease and genital infections, the occurrence of these infectious diseases came as a result of students' negligence in practicing of personal hygiene. Therefore, this study examined knowledge and practice of personal hygiene among secondary school students in Enugu State. Two specific purpose and research questions guided the study. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population for the study consisted of 9900 secondary school students in Enugu State. 495 students made up the sample for this study. The researcher used simple random sampling technique. Specifically the reliability coefficients obtained from data generated with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) using Kuder Richardson formula and Cronbach's alpha reliability for the internal consistency reliability, shows knowledge of personal hygiene (.85) and practice of personal hygiene (.79) respectively. A 22-items structured questionnaire tagged 'Knowledge and Practice of Personal Hygiene Questionnaire (KPPHQ)" was used for data collection. The data collected were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The questionnaire was rated on 4-point scale of very great extent (VGE), great extent (GE), low extent (LE) and very low extent (VLE). The decision rule was that any item that has 50% and above is regarded as knowledgeable (K) while items below 50% is regarded as not knowledgeable (NK). For the personal hygiene, any item mean from 2.50 above is regarded as high while items mean below 2.50 is regarded as low. The findings showed that, majority of students have adequate knowledge of personal hygiene with the grand percentage of (69.8%) and low practice of personal hygiene with the grand mean of (2.0). The study conclude that: students are very knowledgeable of personal hygiene, but putting their knowledge into physical practice are seen as the major problems that most students face, which usually contribute to the risk of infectious diseases such as covid-19, genital infections, dental health challenges and diarrhea. The study recommend that students' knowledge as it regards to personal hygiene practice should always be appraised by the classroom teacher, for the purpose of motivating those ones that have low knowledge of personal hygiene and the school management should provide all the prerequisite personal hygiene materials for the facilitation of its practice.
Students' consistent poor achievements in physics have been attributed non-availability and non-utilization of ICT resources among others. This study therefore, sought to investigate the Availability and Utilization Status of ICT Resources for Physics Education in Colleges of Education in Enugu State. The area comprised all the 8 accredited public and private Colleges of Education in Enugu State. Census survey research design was adopted for this study. No sampling was involved due to the manageable size of the population (30 physics lecturers: 21 males and 9 females). Six research questions and six null hypotheses guided the study. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire, developed by the researcher, validated by three experts and trial tested on 7 physics education lecturers. The researcher administered the instrument to the physics lecturers in the public and private Colleges of Education in Enugu State. The responses were collected and Kuder-Richardson's formula-20 (K-R-20) (availability status) and Cronbach alpha (utilization status) statistics were employed to compute the internal consistency estimate of the items. The reliability coefficient obtained was 0.96, which shows that it is reliable. Research questions were answered using mean, and standard deviation. The results of the study indicated that ICT resources are available but fairly utilized by the physics lecturers for teaching and learning Physics in Colleges of Education in Enugu State. It was recommended that lecturers in the Colleges of Education in the state should make up their minds to embrace and harness the new learning systems which ICT tools brought by the emerging technologies for improving teaching and learning outcomes in schools and colleges.
The students' consistent low performance in internal and external examinations undermined the efficacy of chemistry teachers' methods of instruction. Thus, the purpose of the research is to find out how inquiry-based learning can impact students' academic achievement in stereochemistry in Enugu education zone. The study was guided by two research questions and three research hypotheses. The study employed a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group design. 4,532 SS2 Chemistry students made up the study's population. A combination of random and purposive sampling procedure was used to select 96 students. While the control group received instruction via lectures, the experimental group was taught using an inquiry-based teaching strategy. The Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT) was the instrument used for data collection, and its reliability index was evaluated using Kuder-Richardson's formula-20 which yielded coefficient of 0.84. The mean, standard deviation, and analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data. The findings demonstrated that students exposed to the inquiry-based teaching strategy outperformed their peers who received instruction via lectures. For improved students' achievement, it was recommended that Chemistry teachers should use inquiry based teaching strategy when teaching chemistry.
The accepted general notion that chemistry is abstract in nature as it is presented via mathematical formulars, structures and arrows, goes to a long extent in being perceived difficult by the students, which in turn hinders their academic achievement and interest in the subject. Hence, the study investigated difficult concepts in chemistry as perceived by students and teachers in senior secondary schools in Agbani Education Zone of Enugu State. Two research questions guided the study. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The population for the study comprised 1462 senior secondary school three (SS3) chemistry students and 45 chemistry teachers in public secondary schools within Agbani Education Zone. A sample size of 359 (314 students and 45 teachers) was used for the study. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled Difficult Chemistry Concepts Questionnaire (DCCQ), which was designed by the researcher. The instrument was divided into two sections namely: A and B. Sections A was based on the respondents' biodata while B consisted 46-item statements structured to elicit information from the respondents. The instrument was validated by three experts. In order to determine reliability of the instrument, the researcher administered 30 copies of the questionnaire on 28 SS3 chemistry students and 2 teachers in two schools in Enugu Education Zone to determine the overall reliability index of the instrument. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient formula was used to estimate the reliability of the instrument, and an overall reliability coefficient of.75 was established. The data were collected by the researcher with the help of two research assistants. The collected data were analyzed using mean scores and standard deviation. The decision rule for interpreting the results was based on the values of the calculated means. Item responses on each of the research questions were considered high and difficult when the mean is 2.50 and above, and low and not difficult when less than 2.50. The results of the analysis revealed that the chemistry concepts in senior secondary school that teachers and students perceived as difficult are: chemical combination, mass volume relationship (stoichiometry), acid, base reaction, oxygen and its compounds, among others. The study also revealed that there was a significant difference between male and female chemistry students as well as teachers in their mean difficulty in some concepts. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that: teachers and students should devote greater attention to the teaching and learning of these difficult concepts, and workshops
A responsive curriculum is a curriculum that is relevant to the current and anticipated needs, problems and aspirations of the learners. Unfortunately, the curriculum that is in use does not address the anticipated needs, problems and aspirations of the learners, or it is not responsive enough to meet the technological needs of the society. Therefore, a concerted effort and a total overhauling towards our education policy is imminent at this point in time. The present curriculum enthrones western culture in our land, thereby, undermining the culture and value of different states in this nation. Our educational system and value have been raped and murdered on the altar of modernization. The Nigeria education system is in trouble; and every day it continues to dwindle and deteriorate in essence, structure and purpose. The extent of damage that has been meted on our education is too alarming. The work revealed that in order to remedy the illness with Nigeria curriculum, there is need for the adoption of responsive curriculum development and employ this curriculum strictly in Nigerian education system. It showed that amongst other features, responsive curriculum should be: integrated and interdisciplinary, authentic, learner-centered and oriented to real life situations, utilizing materials from the learner's culture, assisting the learner to develop critical thinking ability. It also revealed that for the attainment of Nigeria's development through the instrumentality of curriculum, it is imperative that curriculum designers develop a responsive curriculum whose adoption in the Nigerian schools will develop valuable human capital that is needed for economic growth and human development. In view of the study, the researchers recommended that: curriculum experts should design a curriculum that is responsive to the current needs, aspirations and problems of the people, and in line with technological advancement, Government should motivate teachers through increase in salary and allowances so as tO encourage them in putting in their best in harnessing the potentials of our future generation and teachers should prepare their teaching contents/objectives by effectively utilizing materials/ideas from learner's culture.
The study investigated the relevance of learned-centered education to the educational development of Enugu State. The study used mean and standard deviation to answer two research questions. Two hypotheses were tested using t-test statistics at the 0.05 level of significance. The design of the study is descriptive. With a population of 665 students, it consists of 250 respondents: one hundred fifteen males and one hundred and thirty-five females. The instrument for data collection structured by the researchers is known as the learner-centered education development (LCED). Cronbach's alpha formula was used to determine the reliability of the instrument. which has an index of 0.95 for LCED. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the mean score of male and female students on learner-centered education that contributes to the development of Enugu State. There is no significant difference in the mean score of urban and rural students on learner-centered education that empowers learners to take ownership of what they have learned. In accordance with the findings of the study, school administrators should support learner-centered management and endeavour to provide training and skills to teachers to enable the students and teachers to have higher outcomes and success.
The study investigated social competence and gender as predictors of junior secondary school students' academic achievement in basic science in Enugu state. Three research questions and three null hypotheses guided the study. The predictive correlation design was adopted for the study. The population of the study was 9,192 upperbasic science students in Enugu state. The sample size for the study was 1000 students drawn using multi-faceted sampling procedure involving purposive and random sampling techniques. The instrument for data collection was Students ' Social Competence Scale. The students' achievement scores in Basic science were obtained from the teachers' score folder. Data generated from the study was analysed using simple and multiple linear regressions. The findings of the study revealed among others that 1.6% and 1.1% of the variance in achievement in Basic science was attributed to social competence and gender of Basic science students' respectively. Also, achievement scores in Basic science were significantly predicted by social competence and gender, individually and jointly. It was recommended that basic science teachers should ensure that the atmosphere within the classroom is gender friendly enough, making sure that both male and female students have a conducive social atmosphere to be actively involved in learning Basic science.
Abigail C. Obodo, Mercy I. Ani, Olasoji V. Omosowon
Technologies are ubiquitous in the 21st century, and educators need to integrate relevant technologies into their teaching practices to meet expectations and keep abreast with the education profession's advancement. A descriptive survey research design was used in this study. Three research questions and one null hypothesis guided the study. The population of the study comprised all the 24 Integrated Science lecturers (10 males and 14 females) in both private and public tertiary institutions in Enugu State, Nigeria. The population was manageable and as a result no sample was carried out for the study. An instrument titled "Questionnaire on Emerging Technologies in Teaching and Learning" (QETTL). Three experts validated the instrument while the reliability of the instrument was estimated using Cronbach Alpha formula with reliability indices of 0.76. Frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while Chi square statistics was used to test the null hypothesis. Findings revealed that some of the challenges hindering Basic Science teachers from utilizing technologies in teaching and learning are lack of internet access and in-service training among others. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that in-service training of lecturers on the usage of 21st century technologies and provision of internet connectivity should be prioritize by government and the university management to enable lecturers maximize effectively 215 century technologies during teaching and learning.
This study focused on teachers' academic self-concept and academic stress as predictors of academic achievement of Biology students' in Enugu Education Zone. Six (6) null hypotheses were postulated for the study. The study adopted ex-post-facto research design. The population of study comprised 74 Biology teachers in 33 public secondary schools in Enugu Education Zone with SS 2 biology students' population of 4,737. The sample consisted of all the Biology teachers' in the Zone and a sample of 10% of the students' were sampled from the Biology teachers' classroom. The instrument used for data collection were three (3) Marsh teachers' academic self-concept scale, Balamurugau and Kumaran academic stress scale and Students' scores from their promotion examination 2022/2023 academic year were used to measure their academic achievement in Biology. The instruments were validated by three experts and the internal consistency reliability was determined though Cronbach Alpha method. The teachers' self-concept scale yielded a reliability index of 0.92 while teachers' academic stress scale yielded an index of 0.88 coefficients. The data collected were analysed using Simple and multiple regression analysis with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The findings of the study showed that: Teacher academic self-concept significantly and positively predicted students' academic achievement in Biology in Enugu Education Zone; likewise, teachers' academic stress significantly and negatively predicted students' academic achievement in Biology in Enugu Education Zone. Based on these findings it was recommended amongst others that Biology teachers should arrange learning activities, in such a way that it will help students to be self-directed in their learning in order to have significantly positive achievement in Biology.
Cause and effect of biological phenomena seem to remain ambiguous to most people, including biology students. Understanding the concept of biological phenomena requires proper articulation of biological concepts and scientific reasoning. This study on enhancing the understanding of biology students on how and why biological phenomena occur through causal reasoning was carried out in Enugu North local government area of Enugu State, Nigeria. The population of the study was 4,612 biology students in Enugu North local government area. The sample size was thirty (30) biology students. This was made up of one (1) male and one (1) female, biology student that were sampled through simple random sampling, by balloting, from each of the three senior secondary school classes of five public co-education schools in Enugu North local government areas. Pre-teaching and post-teaching of causal reasoning interviews were conducted on the students to determine the impact of teaching causal reasoning to the students. Data collected from their interview responses prior to the teaching and after the teaching of causal reasoning about biological phenomena were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and subjected to Chi-Square test at 0.05 level of significance, to determine the impact of the teaching on their understanding of how and why biological phenomena occur. The Chi-Square test result indicated that there was significant association between causal reasoning with enhancement of the understanding of biology students on how and why biological phenomena occur. It was, therefore, recommended that teaching towards understanding how and why biological phenomena occurred, should be approached through scientific reasoning, by the teachers. Biology teachers should teach their students on how to think analytically and scientifically in order to understand and interpret biological phenomena.
The purpose of the study was to ascertain the effect of immediate and delayed feedback modes of assessments on students' Achievement in Chemistry. Four research questions and four null hypotheses guided the study. Pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental research design was adopted for the study. The population for the study comprised of 2,296 senior secondary class two (SS II) students offering chemistry in 21 co- educational secondary schools of Enugu Education Zone in Enugu State. A sample of 144 SSII students drawn from 3 public secondary schools in the zone was used for the study. A purposive sampling method and simple random sampling techniques were employed in the study. The instrument for data collection was chemistry achievement test (CAT) which consisted 40 test items. The instrument was validated by three experts; one expert in Measurement and Evaluation and the other two in Science Education. The reliability of was determined using Kuder-Richardson's formula-20 (K-R20) and the reliability coefficient obtain was 0.82. The instrument was administered as pretest and posttest. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used for all the analyses. The result of the analysis revealed that students who received immediate and delayed feedback modes of assessments achieved better than students who did not receive feedback. It was also revealed that students who received delayed feedback had higher achievement scores than students who received immediate feedback. Moreover the result showed that gender had no significant effect on students who received immediate feedback. The study recommended that chemistry teachers should ensure that students are given delayed feedback to enhance their achievement in chemistry.
The study sought to measure the effect of integrated approach on academic achievement of senior secondary school Chemistry students. Two (2) research questions and 2 research hypotheses guided the study. The study employed quasi-experimental design. The sample comprised 160 SS 72 males and 77 females chemistry students drawn from 1062 population (563 male and 499 female) in 60 public co-educational school in Nsukka education zone of Enugu State Nigeria. The experimental groups were exposed to integrated approach while control group were expose to lecture. Data was collected using electrochemistry achievement test which was validated by three experts and reliability index of 0.707 were obtained using Kuder-Richardson's formula 20. The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while the hypotheses were tested at 5% level of significance, using analysis by covariance. The findings revealed that integrated approach was more effective in enhancing students' achievement and retention in chemistry than lecture method. Also, there was no significance different in male and female student's achievement in chemistry. Based on the findings the research recommends, among others, that chemistry teachers should teach chemistry with integrated approach to encourage active engagement, self-motivation and retention among learners to enhanced academic achievement.
Students' continuous underachievement in physics has underpinned the efficacy of non-cognitive variables like students attitude in physics. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate attitude as predictor of academic achievement of secondary school Physics students in Agbani Education Zone of Enugu State. An Ex-post-facto and correlational survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study was 2752 SS II Physics students' in Agbani education zone from 44 public schools. Purposive sampling procedure was used in selecting 275 Physics students comprising 144 males and 131 females from twelve selected schools in the Zone. Physics Attitude Scale (PAS) adapted from Sumeyye and Oktay (2020) and Students' Achievement Scores obtained from their promotion examination results of 2022/2023 academic session from the schools used were used for data collection. The instrument (PAS) was face validated by three experts and tested for reliability using Cronbach's alpha with the reliability index of 0.82. Data were analyzed using simple regressions. The results indicated that attitude relatively and significantly contributed 39% to the prediction of academic achievement of secondary school Physics. Based on these findings, it was recommended that students should develop positive attitude in physics. Teachers should adopt teaching strategies that would stimulate students positive attitude in teaching Physics.
The problem of poor achievement in Physics in external examinations by students in Ebonyi State, Nigeria warranted the study. The need to use of a cutting-edge individualized instruction rooted in artificial intelligence to measure its potency in curbing the menace of poor achievement becomes necessary. The study examined the effect of self -regulated learning strategy through chat-generative-pretrained-transformer model4 (ChatGPT4) on senior secondary school students' achievement in projectile motion concepts. The study was guided by 2 research questions and 2 hypotheses. The design of the study was none- equivalent control groups quasi-experimental. The population for the study was 10,679 senior secondary school two Physics students in the thirty -one secondary schools for 2017/2018 academic session in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi state, Nigeria. The s ample size for the study was 316 se nior secondary school two Physics students in 4 sampled co-educational secondary schools in Ohaukwu. Projectile motion achievement test (PMAT) was the instrument used for data collection. Kuder-Richardson's formula-20 was used to determine the internal consistency reliability of P MAT. The coefficient was 0.88. Mean and standard deviations were used in answering the research questions while 2× 2 analysis of covariance was used to test the hypotheses at.05 level of significance. The result of the study showed that the students who learnt Physics using self- regulated individualized learning s trategy: ChatGPT model4 achieved better than th eir counterparts, who learnt Projectile motion using expository method. The result of the study also showed that there was no significant difference between the mean achievement scores of male and female students who learnt projectile motion concepts using ChatGPT model4. Hence, it was recommended that Physics students should use ChatGPT model 4 which is gender-friendly to enhance their self-learning in Physics concepts.
The study centred on the effect of project -based learning on secondary school students' academic achievement in e lectrochemical cells in Agbani education z one. Two research questions guided the study while two null hypotheses were tested at.05 level of significance. The design for this study was quasi-experimental design of the pre-test post- test non-equivalent research design. The population for the study consisted of 4,109 Senior Secondary two (SS II) students in Agbani Education Zone of Enugu State. The sample size was 365 students. Purposive sampling was adopted to identify four out of the 45 senior public secondary schools in Agbani Education Zone of En ugu State. The instrument for data collection was Electrochemical Cells Achievement Test (ECAT). The instrument was validated in two phases which included: face validation and content validation. The reliability coefficient of the ECAT was determined using Kuder Richardson KR 20. Reliability coefficient of 0.81 was gotten showing that ECAT was stable. The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation. Analysis of covariance was used in testing the hypotheses at.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that students that were taught electrochemical cells with project-based learning recorded higher academic achievement than those taught with expository method. The findings showed that male students that were taught ele ctrochemical cells with project -based learning recorded higher academic achievement than their female counterparts. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher revealed among others that the use of project - based learning should be encouraged by teachers to students during teaching and learning of Chemistry (Electrochemical cells in Senior Secondary School since it enhanced better performance of students irrespective of the scoring level.
This study was conducted to determine the effect of computer assisted instruction on student academic achievement and retention in nutrition content of secondary school biology in Onitsha Education Zone of Anambra State. The study adopted a quasi - experimental design using prettest and posttest. The population for the study consisted of 5,626 SS1 Biology students in all the 32 secondary schools in Onitsha education zone of Anambra State with a sample size of 252 biology students (116 male and 136 female ) undertaken using multi -stage sampling technique. Four research questions and four corresponding null hypotheses guided the study. The instrument for data collection was a Biology Achievement Test developed from nutrition in living organisms with multiple choice questions consisting of 50 items with options lettered A -D. The instrument was validated by three experts while the reliability of the instrument was determined usin g Kuder Richardson's formula 20 technique. The internal consistency reliability index was 0.74. The data collected were analyzed using mean scores. The hypotheses formulated for the study were tested at 0.05 level of significance using Analysis of Covariance. Findings of the study revealed that the students taught Biology using Computer assisted instruction, CAI achieved higher than students taught using lecture method. Also, there is a significant difference between the mean academic achievement scores of students taught nutrition in living organisms using CAI and that of those taught using lecture method. It was recommended that the government should assist Biology teachers in the use of CAI for effective services delivery in secondary schools in Anambra State.
This research investigated the effect of Peer Instructional Strategy (PIS) on the academic achievement of Secondary School Biolo gy Students in Enugu Education z one of Enugu State. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The study employed non-equivalent control group design involving 528 (227 male and 301 female) SSII Biology students drawn from six randomly selected co -educational schools out of the ten secondary schools in Enugu Education z one that met the inclusion criteria. Two intact classes from each of the six schools (twelve classes) were randomly assigned to either Peer Instructional Strategy and Expository Method group by balloting. U sing the assigned method for each group, trained research assistants taught the same content to the respective groups, simultaneously. The instrument for the study was a researcher -made Biology Achievement Test (BAT), validated by three experts, and pilot tested. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to carry out test-retest reliability of the instrument, r = 0.74. The BAT was administered (pretest) before the interventions, after 4 weeks long intervention (post -test).. To avoid distribution bias; scores of forty -four students who completed the study procedures and took all the appropriate tests were randomly drawn from each of the twelve intact classes through software randomization. The scores were processed for data a nalysis. Statistical tools of mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while Analysis of Variance was used to test the hypotheses at.05 level of significance. The researcher concluded that P IS improves the academic achieveme nt and of both ma le and female secondary school Biology students better than the expository Method.
This study investigated the effect of Reciprocal peer tutoring (RPT) strategy on senior secondary school students' achievement in Physics in Enugu Education Zone, Enugu State. The influence of gender on the achievement of students was explored. The study adopted a pretest, posttest, non -equivalent control group quasi -experimental research design. The sample for the study comprised of 167 Senior Secondary One Physics stude nts selected using the purposive sampling from two co -educational schools located within the education zone. Data were collected using Physics Achievement Test constructed by the researchers and validated by experts in measurement and evaluation to ascerta in the validity of the instrument. The reliability of the test was ascertained using the Kuder - Richardson (K -R) 20 formula and a reliability coefficient of 0.76 was obtained. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation and analysis of covariance at 0.05 probability level. Result of the study indicated that students taught Physics using Reciprocal peer tutoring strategy performed better than their counterparts taught Physics using the lecture method. Based on these findings, it was recommended that RPT strategy should be adopted by Physics teachers at secondary school level in order to enhance students' academic achievement.
The aspiration of every living individual is to continue to enjoy 'good' health. Incidentally, some organisms both visible and invisible t end to distort the normal health of other organisms. The most disturbing is the actions of invisible ones such as viruses which are invisible to naked eyes except with electron microscope and naturally proved very difficult to capture physically. This paper then identifies some of the viruses that affect humans and cause different ill health. The most ravaging one currently is the corona virus of 2019, alternatively called SARS -COV-2 or COVID -19. The paper loo ked into the structure of this virus, its mode of contact, its symptoms in humans when contracted. Then, the steps biology teachers could take to educate the secondary school students in controlling the spread of COVID -19. These steps are in line with the directives of centre for disease control and World Health Organization. Such steps are: Wearing of face mask especially in public places, avoiding hand shake or skin to skin contact with people, washing hands often with soap and clean running water, applyi ng alcohol-based sanitizer on hands, maintaining social distancing, inhaling steam as well as taking warm water regularly among others. Recommendations were made on how to improve and Sensitize students to adhere to COVID-19 protocols in order to control the spread of the virus.
The study investigated the effect of audio -visual materials (AVM) on senior secondary school students' achievement in Chemistry in Agbani education zone, Enugu State. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. Quasi -experimental non- equivalent control group design was adopted for the study. The sample size for the study was a total of 148 SS II chemistry students, (75 male and 73 female). On e instrument, Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT) was developed, validated and reliability coefficient (.82) before using it for data collection. The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation. The null hypotheses were tested at (P < 0.05) using analysis of covariance. The result of data analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the mean achievement scores of students taught using AVM and their counterparts taught without AVM; the students taught using AVM achieved more. Also there is a significant difference on the mean achievement scores of male and females taught using AVM. The female achieved higher than their male counterparts. Among the educational implications of the findings is that since use of AVM increased the achievement levels of students in chemistry, chemistry teachers should integrate its use in the teaching of chemistry. Among the recommendations made based on the findings is that in -service training's in the form of seminars and workshops should be organized by government and relevant professional bodies like STAN to educate and sensitize the teachers on the use of AVM for their lesson delivery
Secondary school students' achievement in chemistry has been deteriorating over the immediate past years. The rate at which students 'achievement in chemistry is decreasing coupled with its negative effect on technology should be a matter of concern to Nigerians, including the world of science. This was attributed to lack of fundamental k nowledge in chemistry known as Organic Chemical N omenclature (OCN). O ne of the major reasons why students lack such relevant knowledge was as a result of poor achievement due to use of ineffective method of teaching known as Expository Method of Instruction (EMI). It was based on that backdrop that the study determined to study the effect of Computer – Aided Instruction (CAI) on secondary school students' achievement in OCN. Quasi-experimental design was adopted for the study. Pretest-Posttest, non- equivalent contr ol group was used. 8 intact classes, 4 of which were randomly assigned to experimental and other 4 to control groups were used for the study. Sample of the study consist of 122 males and 186 females (308) senior secondary one (S S1) chemistry students from 4 government owned secondary schools in Enugu Educ ation Zone of Enugu State. 2 research questions and 2 hypotheses guided the study. Teacher made organic chemical nomenclature achievement test (TEMOCNAT) was used for data collection. TEMOCNAT was constructed by the researcher and validated by 5 research experts. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Experimental group was ta ught using CAI while control group wa s taught the same topic using EMI. The major findings of the study revealed that students taug ht OCN with CAI achieved higher than those taught with EMI. There was no significant interaction effect on CAI and gender, males and females achievement were almost the same. It was recommended that chemistry teachers should employ CAI in teaching OCN to improve students' achievement and promote gender equality.
The dearth of studies on the predictive power o f non-cognitive variables like academic self-regulation and locus of control as predictors of academic achievement of Physics students in the Department of Science Education, Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria necessitated the study. Three null hypotheses tested at.05 level of significance guided the study. An ex-post-facto research design was adopted for the study. Purposive sampling procedure was used in selecting 139 Physics Education students comprising 75 males and 64 fe males from Physics programme, Department of Science Education. Three instruments were used for data collections. Academic self - regulation scale was adapted from Akhatar and Mahmood (2013). A cademic locus of control scale was adapted from Trice (1985) and Physics academic Achievement sc ores were extracted from the students' semester examination of 2020/2021 academic session, conducted by the university, (ESUT). The reliability of the instruments were tested using Cronbach's alpha which yielded indices of 0.87and 0.76 respectively. Data were analyzed using multiple regression. The results indicated that academic self-regulation and locus of control relatively and jointly contributed significantly to the prediction of academic achievement of Physics Ed ucation students. There was no variati on in relative and joint prediction of achievement in Physics based on gender. Based on the findings, it was recommended that lecturers should adopt teaching strategies that should stimulate Physics students' gender-friendly academic self -regulation and locus of con trol in order to increase students' achievement in Physics.
Unemployment is one of the major challenges confronting the Nigerian national - development. It has turned many Nigerian youths into violent and unpatriotic beings. The menace of youth restiveness in Nigeria both now and in the recent past has become an issue of great concern to political leaders, policy makers, economic managers, individuals, government, religious organization and many others. In the light of the above, this paper examined the causes and effects of unemployment. It also suggested ways by which unemployment can be managed in other to curb youths unrest. Measures so recommended include but not limited to: depoliticization of the various youth empowerment schemes and emphasis on vocational/ self-reliable education.
This study looks at the level of scientific literacy possessed by senior secondary three science students in Ebonyi State. Three research questions and three null hypotheses were formulated for the study. The population composed of 3462 SS3 science student s from Abakaliki Education Zone. A sample of 346 science students making 10% of the population was selected. The instrument for data collection was a Test of Levels of Scientific Literacy (TOLSL) adapted by the researcher and validated by experts. A reliability estimate of 0.73 was obtained using Kuder Richardson KR -20 formula. Friedman Chi-Square (χ2) test of the mean and mean rank was used for answering research question 1 and analyzing hypothesis 1. Mann Whitney (U and Z) test was also used for answering research questions 2 and 3 as well as analyzing hypotheses 2 and 3. It was found that the SS 3 science students possessed more of nominal scientific literacy, less of functional and least of structural scientific literacy. Gender was significant in the acquisition of scientific literacy because, males possessed more of nominal while females possessed more of functional and structural scientific literacy. Location was also significant as science students in the urban schools possessed more scientific literacy than their counterparts in schools located in the rural areas. It was recommended that science teachers should adopt better methods and strategies for teaching science in order to increase the possession of scientific literacy among students.
Stephanie N. Ozota, Angela C. Asuzu, Chidimma O. Nwafor
The relative decline in the academic achievement of students in Biology in Senior Secondary Schools has necessitated this study. Thus, the study sought to find out the appraisal of instructional resource utilization for teaching and learning of Biology in Senior Secondary Schools in Enugu North L.G.A. of Enugu State. Three research questions and three hypotheses guided the study. The researcher adopted descriptive survey research design. The population of the study was made up of thirty - one (31) Biology teachers in Enugu North L.G.A. No sampling was carried out as the population size was manageable. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire. Cronbach alpha Statistic was employed in determining the internal consistency of AIRUTLBSSS.in which the overall reliability coefficent index of 0.873 w as obtained. The data obtained were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for answering the research questions, and t- test statistic for testing the null hypotheses. The study arrived at the following findings: Biology teachers use the available resou rce teaching materials in teaching and learning of biology to a high extent. Biology teachers had positive attitude towards utilization of instructional materials in teaching of biology. There are impediments to utilizing instructional resources for teaching and learning biology in senior secondary schools. The hypotheses showed that there was no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female biology teachers on the extent to which teachers use the available resource teaching materials for teaching and learning of Biology and their attitude towards utilization of instructional materials. The hypothesis also showed no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female teachers on the impediments in utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of Biology. Based on the findings, the researchers recommended that teachers should be encouraged to the method of use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of biology in senior secondary schools.
In recent times, there have increase in laboratory accident such as fire outbreak, heat burns, cuts and scrapes, spill of chemical and the likes, in biology laboratory. It becomes expedient that in general des ign of biology laboratory, lighting, ventilation, spacing of tables and stools, wider walkways to avoid congestion during emergency and proper supervision during biology laboratory work are not put into consideration. Entrance and exit doors are not properly fixed for easy movement. The fact that some Biology Laboratory assistants are well trained to do the job bring about their inability to arrange and label chemical and reagent bottles properly has contributed greatly in biol ogy laboratory accident. The purpose of the study is to ascertain the implementation of laboratory safety practices among senior secondary biology students in Awgu Education zone. Specifically, the study sought to find out extent to which general design of Biology Laboratory is relevant to implementation of safety practices and also the l aboratory assistant's ability to arrange and label chemical and reagent bottles ensure implementation of safety practices in biology laboratory. Two research questions and two research hypotheses guided the study. The presentation and analysis of the result was done according to the research questions and research hypotheses. The recommendations are that in general design of the Biology Laboratory, safety of the students and all laboratory users should be the priority, among others.
The study examined the effects of audio -visual technological aids on chemistry students' achievement in senior secondary schools in Nsukka education zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. The study employed a pre-test-post-test, control group quasi experimental research design. Two research questions and two null hypotheses were formulated to guide this study. The population of the study comprises of all the SSI Chemistry students in public secondary schools in Nsukka education zone. The sample size was 100 SSI Che mistry students comprising of 48 male and 52 female students of two intact classe s. Purposive sampling technique was used to select two co-educational schools which one were assigned to experimental group and other to control group. The instrument used for data collection was a 25 -item Chemistry achievement test (CAT). Mean, Standard Deviation and ANCOVA were used for data analysis. Result revealed that the mean score for the Chemistry students exposed to lessons with audio-visual technological aids achieved higher compared to the mean score of those counterpart not exposed to lessons with audio- visual technological aids. The study recommended that Chemistry teachers should keep pace with development trend by learning and using new technologies (audio-visual) in teaching and learning.
Basic education means a component intended to ensure functional li teracy for all jobs participants. Technical and Vocational education remains that form of educatio n which helps its recipients to acquire knowledge and specific skills with which to work and earn a living. Both the Nigerian government and masses have suffered high economic downturns given negligence towards these systems of education. This is evident in the high turnout of people who are either unemployable a nd at the same time cannot survive except they are dependent in the Nigeria. As a result, this paper examined the relevance of technical and vocational educ ation in making the recipients of basic education self-reliant. Related concepts were extensively discussed and in the course of this review, it was discovered that technical and vocational education will forever be likened to the wand in the hands of a magician with respect to solving the eco nomic problems of any society. B ased on this, it was suggested that government and school managers should among other things, do the following: 1) make Practical trainings compulsory for all the children of basic education. 2)Make Basic education programme relevant/attractive throu gh practical and holistic trainings.
The study examined the effect of Peer Instructional Strategy (PIS) and expository method (EM) on the retention of Secondary School Biology Students. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of peer instructional strategy relative to expository method on the retention of secondary school Biology students. The area of the study was Enugu Education Zone of Enugu State. Two research questions and hypotheses guided the study. The study was a quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest, non-equivalent groups research design; involving 528( 227 male and 301 female senior secondary school 2 Biology students drawn from six randomly selected co -educational schools out of the ten secondary schools in Enugu Education z one that met the inclusion criteria. Two intact classes from each of the 6 schools were randomly assigned to either PIS or EM group by balloting. The instrument for the study was a researcher -made Biology Achievement Test (BAT), validated by three experts. C ontent validity was ensured using text blueprint. The Pearson's product moment correlation c oefficient was used to carry out test -retest reliability of the instrument, r = 0.74. The BAT was administered 2 weeks after posttest. The results showed that PIS group significantly performed better than EM group in terms of academic level of retention. The researcher recommends PIS should be used in teaching and learning of Biology.
The research investigates effects of guided and unguided discovery methods on students' retention in biology in Nsukka education zone. The sample comprises 155 SS1 students from secondary schools in Nsukka Educational Zone of Enugu State. The experimental group was exposed to guided discovery method while the control group was exposed to unguided discovery method. Data we re collected using Biology Retention Test (BRT) which was validated by three experts, content validity was ensured using Test Blue Print (TBP) and Reliability indices of 0.89 was obtained using Kuder Richardson formula 20 (K-R-20). The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while the research hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) at.05 level. The findings revealed that there is a significant difference in the mean retention score of students taught using guided discovery method and those taught using unguided discovery method. Based on the finding, the researcher recommends among others that Biology teachers should adopt the use of guided discovery method of teaching over the unguided discovery method for e nhancing academic retention. It also establishes that science educators and curriculum planners should incorporate innovative pedagogical strategies like guided discovery method in science teaching.
The poor state of secondary school students' achievement relative to policy expectation in Physics triggered the study. At the level of instrument quality, the scoring pattern in West African Senior School Certificate Examination's (WASSCE) Physics essay m arking scheme, difficulty -parameter level of the items and differential item functioning were sought. Instrumentation research design was adopted. One hundred and sixty senior secondary III Physics students consisting of 63 female and 97 male students form ed the sample. The 2018 WASSCE Physics essay with its marking scheme formed the instrument used to collect data. The internal consistency reliability of the instrument sought using Kuder-Richardson's formula 21 had value of 0.81. Three research questions and one null hypothesis guided the study. Research questions were answered using frequencies, mean infit/outfit statistic, mean item difficulty and mean standard error. The null hypothesis was tested at.05 level of significance using Mantel -Haenszel's Chi-square probability value. The result indicated that fractional-polarization scoring was adopted for two items. 25 in 28 items fit the partial credit model. The items were moderately difficult and did not exhibit gender-based differential item functioning. It is recommended that West African Examinations Council should remove fractional -dichotomization scoring and breakup marks allocated to an item into more than two groups for all items in future Physics essay marking scheme.
The study investigated the effects of concept mapping instructional strategy on students' ability in organic chemistry. The study was carried out in E nugu State of Nigeria. Specifically the pretest posttest non -equivalent control group research design was used. The study employed a quasi experimental design. Three research questions and three null hypotheses guided the study. The experiment was done on the teaching of Chemistry to senior secondary school students two (SS2). A sample of 200 students (92 boys and 108 girls) selected randomly out of the population of 457 students in SS2 from four public secondary schools in Enugu State. Pre-test of Chemistry was given to both the groups and the results were recorded. One group was taken as a control group which was taught Chemistry by the teach er who used conventional approach of teaching while the other i.e the experimental group was taught by the teacher who used concept mapping teaching strategy. After one month 's time of teaching, a post -test was conducted. Mean, standard deviation and Analysis of Co -Variance (ANCOVA) were used to analyze data. Results showed that concept mapping is an effective strategy for teaching and learning chemistry. The strategy is also capable of improving students' mastery of content at the higher-order levels of cognition. Based on the findings, the study recommended that concept mapping should be added to the teaching strategies of chemistry teachers at the secondary school level.
This study investigated the interaction effects of teaching method and gender on students' academic achievement and interest in Basic Science in upper Basic Education. Quasi Experimental design was adopted for this study. Population of the study consisted of all the 6,325 junior secondary school year two (JS 2) Basic Science students in the 26 government secondary schools in Enugu education zone. The sample consisted of 186 JSS 2 students selected from 4 government owned junior secondary schools. Two of the schools were randomly assigned to experimental group while the other two were assigned to control group and used to investigate the interaction effect of teaching method (CAI) and gender on academic achievement and intere st of students' in Basic Science. Two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The instruments were validated by experts. The internal reliability coefficient of BSAT was established to be 0.72 using Kuder Richardson (KR-20) while reliability coefficient of BSII was established to be 0.78 using Cronbach's alpha. The BSAT and the BSII were administered to the students as pretest and posttest for data collection. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while ANCOVA was us ed to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The result revealed that there was no significant interaction effect of teaching method and gender on the mean interest scores of students in Basic Science. However, no significant interaction e ffect of teaching method and gender was found on the mean achievement scores of students' in Basic Science. The researchers recommended that teachers should ensure constant and effective utilization of CAI for instruction in Basic Science and science rela ted subjects to enhance academic achievement and interest of students
